Polarizing Microscope and Applications

A polarizing microscope is a special kind of microscope that utilizes two polarizing lens to get definite optic data from the specimen. The polarizing microscope is used extensively in the field of optic mineralogy which supports such applications as geology, asbestos testing, and forensic science. Often those working in dissimilar fields will sometimes refer to the polarizing microscope by dissimilar names such as geology microscope, petrographic microscope, pol microscope, and Plm (polarized light microscope.)

The key unlikeness in the middle of the polarizing microscope and a accepted composition microscope is the increasing of a fixed polarizer in the middle of the light source and the specimen and the increasing of an adjustable polarizer in the middle of the objective and the eyepieces. The 2nd polarizer is called the "analyzer" and usually can insert in and out on a rotating piece in the neck of the microscope. Other coarse accessories comprise a rotating stage and insertable retardation plates made from gypsum or quartz.

Light Source Microscope

With these added elements, the this microscope can get optic data from a specimen that no other microscope can. The key optic facts ready includes refractive index, birefringence, sign of elongation, pleochroism, and angle of extinction, all of which furnish clues to the crystallography of the material that is being investigated.

The first uses of these kinds of microscopes over one hundred years ago was the identification of minerals in geology. In addition, the most coarse form of lab diagnosis to test for asbestos is performed with a polarizing microscope. Because of the their potential to furnish optic data, these kind of microscopes are very ordinarily used in forensic science where the identification of unknown materials is a habit part of the job. Some of the first evidence disputing the claimed age of the so-called "Shroud of Turin" was considered by diagnosis of pigments using a polarized light microscope.

The polarizing microscope is a very versatile and remarkable instrument in the identification of materials. It is a key tool in several scientific fields, and can sometimes be the best selection over more high-priced technologies. For example, in habit asbestos diagnosis the polarizing microscope was considered to be more definite and much more cost efficient than the other high-tech options that were first investigated, such as x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is a remarkable tool with many applications.

Nikon's MicroscopyU has quite a bit of facts on how the polarizers and the science work to furnish analytical information: http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/polarized/polarizedintro.html

Polarizing Microscope and Applications

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2MP USB Digital Microscope Endoscope Magnifier 40X~800X for Education Industrial Biological Inspection

2MP USB Digital Microscope Endoscope Magnifier 40X~800X for Education Industrial Biological Inspection Review

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2MP USB Digital Microscope Endoscope Magnifier 40X~800X for Education Industrial Biological Inspection Feature

• Image sensor: 2Mega Pixels (interpolated to 3MP). Focus Range: from 10mm to 250mm. Frame Rate: Max 30f/s under 600 Lus Brightness. Magnification Ratio: 40x to 800x
• Still capture resolution: 1600x1200, 1280x1024, 1280x960, 1024x768, 800x600, 640x480, 352x288, 320x240, 160x120. Video capture resolution: 1600x1200, 1280x1024, 1280x960, 1024x768, 800x600, 640x480, 352x288, 320x240, 160x120
• Video format: AVI. Photo format: JPEG or BMP. Light source: 8 LED (adjustable by control wheel). PC interface: USB2.0. Power source: 5V DC from USB port. Operation system: Windows 7(Support 32 bit only!)/Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS X 10.5 or above
• OSD language: English, German, Spanish, Korean, French, Russian. Bundle software: MicroCapture with calibration function. Size: 125mm (L) x 33mm (R). System Requirement Pentium Computet with 700M Hz &Above, 20M HD Space CD ROM Measure. Color: Black
• Package including: 1x USB Microscope, 1x Tripod, 1x Driver

2MP USB Digital Microscope Endoscope Magnifier 40X~800X for Education Industrial Biological Inspection Overview

Description£º

USB Digital Microscope is a good quality to use in different fields, Skin inspection, Hair inspection, Industrial inspection (PCB, Material¡­) Education purpose, Print industrial, Textile industrial, Biological inspection, Jewelry & Stamp (collections) inspection and so on.
The microscope is designed for PC solution with friendly user interface.
The special AP software: Micro-Measure-Tool can support you to have picture, record video and do micro-measure work with ease.

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Celiac Disease Biopsy Explained: Part I Villous Atrophy

The analysis of celiac disease is confirmed by a characteristic abnormal appearance of the small intestine under the microscope. Flattening of the general finger like projections called villi accompanied by signs of inflammation is taken to indicate damage or injury from the storehouse protein gluten in wheat and similar proteins in barley and rye. The small intestine biopsy has became the gold approved for establishing the analysis of Celiac disease or gluten sensitive enteropathy. Before 1960 gluten withdrawal followed by improvement and subsequent worsening upon rechallenge was the diagnostic criteria.

Early in the 1960's through the 1970's the small intestine was biopsied by having citizen swallow a small metal capsule that was attached to a suction tube. This was used to suction up tissue into the capsule before guillotining off some tissue once the capsule was confirmed to be in the small intestine by x-ray. Now the tissue is obtained by upper endoscopy, the passage of a lighted video scope through the mouth under sedation to the small intestine, where biopsies are obtained with cupped forceps.

Microscope

Celiac disease biopsy: What does the pathologist look for under the microscope?

The small intestine ordinarily has finger like projections called villi that give it a large covering area or contact area for absorption. The villi corollary in a shag floor covering or terry cloth towel type appearance. Lining the covering covering of each villous are intestinal cells or enterocytes that secrete mucus and absorb fluids, nutrients, minerals like iron, and vitamins like B12. On the covering of the enterocytes are digestive enzymes like lactase that absorb lactose or milk sugar. At the base of the villi are crypts or circular like collections of intestinal cells.

Celiac disease biopsy: What is villous atrophy?

Normally, villi are 3-5 times longer than the crypts are tall. However, intestinal injury can corollary in blunting, shortening (partial villous atrophy) or complete loss of the villi and flattening (villous atrophy) of the intestinal surface. The shag floor covering will have bare spots or the terry cloth towel becomes like a tee shirt. The corollary is lack of absorption of nutrients and water resulting in weight loss, malnutrition, and diarrhea.

Celiac disease biopsy: What if the biopsy does not show atrophy or partial atrophy?

If the villi are at least 3 times as long as the crypts are tall then no flattening or blunting of the villi is gift and celiac disease becomes more difficult for the pathologist to diagnose without the history or blood test results. However, an increased amount of Iel's (intra-epitheliel lymphocytes) in the setting of a clear specific blood test for celiac, symptoms and especially if supported by presence of Dq2 and/or Dq8 gene pattern, is extremely suggestive of celiac disease. The mystery comes when the blood tests for the specific tests are negative or not elevated but only the "non-specific" blood tests (anti-gliadin or Aga and anti-reticulin antibodies) are elevated. Also, some citizen with milder forms of celiac have no blood tests abnormal but have superior biopsy findings of celiac and are termed seronegative (blood test negative) celiacs.

Celiac disease biopsy: Can the biopsy be general in celiac disease?

By definition, the biopsy has been thought about the gold approved for diagnosing celiac. However, modern studies have shown that the biopsy can be general in some citizen with celiac. How can this be? The pathologist reading the biopsy may interpret the biopsy as general based on his or her bias about celiac disease, a failure to appreciate the point of the presence of Iel's, or misuse of the older approved of >40 Iel's per 100. However, more importantly is the modern recognition that general appearing biopsies may not be normal. Electron microscopy has revealed ultra-structural abnormalities in apparent general biopsies of citizen confirmed to have celiac disease. Special stains, that consist of immune labeling of lymphocytes, have also confirmed increased numbers of clear types of specific lymphocytes in the villi of intestinal biopsies of citizen confirmed to have celiac. The lowest line is that a general biopsy does not definitively exclude celiac disease or gluten sensitivity.

Celiac diasease biopsy: What are other potential causes of biopsy changes that mimic celiac disease?

Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy (Cmse), viral or bacterial infections, medications (especially aspirin like arthritis medications e.g. Ibuprofen etc), autoimmune enteropathy, Helicobacter pylori infection (the stomach ulcer bacteria), Aids, tasteless variable immunodeficiency, and lymphoma of the intestine are all potential causes of small intestine changes that may mimic celiac. However, if you have superior celiac type symptoms, a clear celiac specific antibody (anti-endomysial antibody or tissue transglutaminase antibody) and a clear response to a gluten free diet then celiac is the likely cause. The likelihood is added increased if you carry one or both of the two major genes related with celiac disease, Dq2 and/or Dq8. Normalization of celiac specific blood tests and the biopsy after a gluten free diet confirms the analysis of celiac disease.

Celiac Disease Biopsy Explained: Part I Villous Atrophy

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OMAX 40X-2000X Digital Binocular Biological Compound Microscope with Built-in 3.0MP USB Camera and Double Layer Mechanical Stage

OMAX 40X-2000X Digital Binocular Biological Compound Microscope with Built-in 3.0MP USB Camera and Double Layer Mechanical Stage Review

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OMAX 40X-2000X Digital Binocular Biological Compound Microscope with Built-in 3.0MP USB Camera and Double Layer Mechanical Stage Feature

• 8 levels of magnification: 40x-80x-100x-200x-400x-800x-1000x-2000x; 4 achromatic objectives DIN 4x, 10x, 40x(S), 100x(S,Oil); 2 pairs of eyepieces: WF10X and P20X
• Built-in 3.0MP USB camera with advanced software (Windows & Mac Compatible)
• 20W adjustable halogen light; Double layer mechanical stage with co-axial fine and coarse focus knobs
• NA1.25 Abbe Condenser with iris diaphragm and filters
• 5 Year Warranty; 14 Days Money Back Guarantee

OMAX 40X-2000X Digital Binocular Biological Compound Microscope with Built-in 3.0MP USB Camera and Double Layer Mechanical Stage Overview

This is a professional compound microscope with 3.0M pixel built-in USB camera. It is compatible with MS Windows 2000/XP/Vista and Windows 7 (32bit and 64bit). It comes with an advanced application. It is perfect for scientific research, clinic and education use.

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Celestron 44310 LCD Handheld Digital Microscope

Celestron 44310 LCD Handheld Digital Microscope Review

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Celestron 44310 LCD Handheld Digital Microscope Feature

• 2.4" LCD Screen Panel , Built-in Digital Camera - 3MP (snapshots up to 12MP with interpolation) , Image Capture Capability - Snapshots
• 4x Digital Zoom, Optical Power 3.5x and 50x (digital power review approx. 25x and 225x on a 17" monitor), 128MB Internal Flash Memory, SD Card Slot (uses optional SD Cards up to 8GB), Focus Knob, Adjustable LED Illumination
• USB 2.0 Cable (used to upload images to a computer), Carry Pouch, Battery powered for field use or in the home - uses 2AA batteries (user supplied), Weight - 6.5 oz (187 g)

Celestron 44310 LCD Handheld Digital Microscope Overview

New Innovation from Celestron! A handheld digital LCD microscope with a 2.4” LCD screen.

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How Microscope Light Sources Work in the Lab

Without a doubt, the most well known item in the interior of a laboratory is the microscope. Even those that have never set foot in a lab in their lives are customary with what it is and what it does. However, those with a great deal of experience in laboratory sciences will attest that microscopes are not always as easy to operate as some assume. In fact, the clarity of what is under consideration in the scope sometimes can be lacking. Thankfully, enough advancements have been made over the years with laboratory equipment that improvements in image clarity are possible. One such way this can be achieved is through the employment of microscope illumination. With the proper illumination, it can be inherent to avoid scores of coarse errors associated with a lack of information and clarity.

In order to forestall problems from occurring, it is requisite to instill a viable and trustworthy light source to the microscope. This means the light must be inviting enough that the image can be clearly viewed and it also must be wholly free of glare. This latter point is sometimes overlooked and that is a problem. Glare can sometimes lead to misidentifying the images in the microscope. That can honestly originate a serious qoute for those seeing for accuracy in their use of these products. Again, this is why it is requisite to have a proper illumination theory set up so that such errors are not commonplace.

Light Source Microscope

Many high potential microscopes have been designed with exquisite illumination processes that can deliver the trustworthy supervene that most would be seeing to procure. Well, there would be no need to get an external light source if the microscope comes with a ready built-in theory designed to promote illumination. In some cases, this can come in the form of an incandescent bulb that has been effectively installed into it. There are other types of illumination methods that can be effectively employed to deliver proper results. This include Leds, lamps with an arc discharge system, and even laser devices. All of which can honestly heighten microscope illumination which adds to their great value. That is honestly a confident thing since it increases the odds that the reading of what presented on the microscopy stock will be accurate. And if the readings on the microscope are not exact then what would be the value of the images? Keep this in mind when weighing options for purchasing items that heighten the illumination.

Some of the costs complex in illuminating the stock can sometimes be rather pricey. This may be oft putting to some. However, this should not be something that turns citizen off as much as it should make them feel confident that they are procuring a device that will ensure the proper execution of their microscope. This will add to the proper harmony of the lab tremendously.

No, illumination is not as tough as some assume. The key is plainly to have the right items in place so that the microscopes can properly be lit. Thankfully, there are items on the store that can deliver in this regard.

How Microscope Light Sources Work in the Lab

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The Benefits of Stereo Microscopes

Many habitancy have trouble holding one eye concluded while peering straight through a microscope lens with the other eye. A stereo microscope eliminates the need to close one eye because it has two eyepieces. Stereo Microscopes have all of the features of approved microscopes with some added advantages. First of all, stereo microscopes have two eyepieces. They allow for greater depth perception, allowing viewers to see objects in three dimensions. Many stereo microscopes have a zoom lens feature, and it is not uncommon to find a stereo microscope with two illuminators.

A stereo microscope has two eyepieces. This is a major benefit over approved microscopes. The two eyepieces allow viewers to keep both eyes open, manufacture it easier to focus on the object they are finding at. Many stereo microscopes have comfortable rubber eye guards that make the microscopes even more user friendly.

Microscope

A major benefit of stereo microscopes is that they allow viewers to see objects in three dimensions. Most microscopes only show objects in two dimensions. habitancy can look at insects, plants, coins, or anyone else in all three dimensions, providing the most realistic viewing experience imaginable.

Many stereo microscopes have a zoom lens feature. This provides nearly limitless options for resolution and gives users more operate over focus. The zoom lens allows users to slowly expand the object they are viewing more indubitably than approved microscopes, which have two knobs to adjust.

Another highlight found on many stereo microscopes is a dual illuminator system. A stereo microscope has the approved illuminator below the stage as well as other one right above the objective lens. This provides more than adequate light to view specimens in all of their three dimensional glory.

Stereo microscopes are versatile and easy to use. They are excellent for students or anyone else who wants to study the small world nearby them.

The Benefits of Stereo Microscopes

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AmScope 150W Fiber Optic O-Y-S Light Microscope Light Illuminator

AmScope 150W Fiber Optic O-Y-S Light Microscope Light Illuminator Review

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Listprice : $1,500.00
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AmScope 150W Fiber Optic O-Y-S Light Microscope Light Illuminator Feature

• Fiber Optic Illuminator with O-Ring Light, Single Gooseneck Light, and Dual Gooseneck Lights
• 150 Watt Halogen Light Source with Variable Intensity
• Built-in Heat Filter
• Convenient Top Window Design for Changing Bulbs
• High Intensity 24V/150W Quartz Halogen Bulb

AmScope 150W Fiber Optic O-Y-S Light Microscope Light Illuminator Overview

This is a fiber optic microscope illuminator that provides strong, even and cool daylight illumination. It comes with 150 Watt halogen light source, O-ring light, single gooseneck light, and dual gooseneck lights. The light source has a built-in heat filter for cool light, a specially designed slot for color filters, and solid state controls for full adjustment of intensity. Its top window design is convenient for changing bulbs. Its auto-shut-off mechanism will cut off electricity automatically when the window is open. The O-ring light comes with 2-1/8" (56mm) inside diameter and 3-1/8" (80mm) outside diameter as well as a 35" (890mm) metal-sheathed light cable. Each gooseneck light cable is 22-inch long and can be bent into various positions. This cool high intensity lighting system is excellent for biological and electronic applications. This unit is brand new in original box. Its retail value is above ,500.

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Welding Microscopes

Micro welding or micro-dimensional welding is a widely used and thorough process in today's industry. The process is carried out under a welding microscope which helps to weld small areas with maximum accuracy.

Welding microscopes are specially designed to offer great operate of part positioning and welding placement. They are in case,granted with fine internal crosshairs, which helps to align the hardware element and the filler at the exact position. The weld speed of dinky welding can range in the middle of 10 and 30 inches/minute. In laser micro welding, the microscopes help to focus the laser beam at a exact point.

Microscope

There are many advantages of using microscopes in welding. dinky welding often results in a low-distortion and exact joining process. It can also minimize contamination of the web joint. The dinky images of welding can be captured by connecting the welding microscope to a video or photo camera using a photo-adapter. The microscope can also be plugged into a computer to article and process the images.

Almost all the laser welding systems come with in-built microscopes. Usually, a high potential stereo microscope - with a magnification factor fluctuating in the middle of x16 and x25 - is used. It offers clear viewing for exact welding. An elective projection microscope can also be used.

Many models of micro welders are also available, which use low-amp welders and welding microscopes. The welders can be placed on the desired location of the weld, without affecting the shape or size of the material. Micro welders are generally used for precision welding of jewelry. Some micro welders can be used to mend molds such as plastic injection molds, die cast molds, and rubber processing molds.

Welding Microscopes

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Celestron 44202 Advanced Stereo Microscope

Celestron 44202 Advanced Stereo Microscope Review

Prices as of : Oct 19, 2012 20:15:06
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Celestron 44202 Advanced Stereo Microscope Feature

• Celestron Advanced Stereo Microscope with 20x power and 40x power stereo
• Utilizes two light paths and two eyepieces to create an amazingly true-to-life 3D image
• Has fully coated glass optics
• Top and bottom halogen illumination working distance is 110 mm or 4.33 inches
• Comes with Set of 10x wide field eyepieces, 2x and 4x objective lenses

Celestron 44202 Advanced Stereo Microscope Overview

Celestron 40X Advanced Stereo Microscope. It's a 3D world! Why view its smaller mysteries on a 2D microscope? Celestron's 40X Stereo Microscope utilizes two lightpaths and two eyepieces to create an amazingly true-to-life 3D image that no standard microscope can match. From Celestron, makers of high-performance, low-cost optics for over 50 years. For curious youngsters, hobbyists and college students, you can't beat Celestron's blend of quality optical components, ease of use and affordability. Check it out: 20X-40X power magnification; Binocular head rotates 360 degrees; Fully-coated optics for excellent contrast, clarity and image brightness; Eyepieces are 10X wide-view, 20 degrees field-of-view; Top and bottom halogen illumination; Stage: 95 mm diameter, working distance range - 110 mm; Coarse focus system; Viewing plates: black / white, opaque / frosted; Includes 5 prepared slides; Weighs 6 1/2 lbs. Order yours today! Celestron 40X Advanced Stereo Microscope

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important Parts of a Microscope

The basic produce of the microscope has not changed that much over time. They have evolved, but the basic conception is still the same. There are some key parts that many types of microscopes have in common. All of the parts of a microscope must function properly for the microscope to work well. If one part is substandard, it can render the microscope useless. The major parts of a microscope are the lenses, the arm, the tube, the illuminator, the stage, and the adjustment knobs.

There are two kinds of lenses on a microscope. The eyepiece lens, also known as the ocular lens is at the top of the microscope. This is the part that citizen look through. The ocular lens is not adjustable on most models. The objective lens provides much of the microscope's magnification. A microscope ordinarily has a few dissimilar objective lenses that vary in strength. The objective lenses are contained on a circular part placed between the eyepiece and the stage. dissimilar objective lenses are chosen based on their strength. When person wants to use a dissimilar drive of objective lens, they turn the circular disk to put an additional one lens over the stage.

Microscope

Other than the lenses, the other parts of a microscope are the tube, the arm, the stage, the illuminator and the adjustment knobs. The tube connects the ocular lens and the objective lens. citizen look through the ocular lens and tube and see out of the objective lens at the bottom. The arm connects the lenses and the stage. It protrudes to the side and provides a handle to carry the microscope as well. The stage is where the object is placed for examination. Stage clamps regain the microscope slides to the stage. The microscope slides contain specimens such as blood or other liquids. The illuminator is below the stage. This part provides light to make the specimen easier to see. The illuminator is whether an actual light or a mirror.

Most microscopes feature two adjustment knobs to help focus the lenses. The common adjustment knob is the larger of the two and brings the lens and the stage closer together. The fine adjustment knob is smaller and is used after the common adjustment knob to supply any small adjustments to bring the item into sharp focus.

These parts of a microscope are common to nearly all models. Some microscopes use slightly dissimilar parts. For example, electron microscopes use electron beams instead of illuminators.

important Parts of a Microscope

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Dissecting Microscopes

Most of us remember using microscopes when we were in biology class, watching wee organisms lively around, bumping into each other. Although we thrilled to watch the activity under the lens, we admittedly didn't pay much concentration to the microscope itself. If you were to buy a microscope today you might be surprised to learn that there are several distinct types of microscopes ready depending on your use.

The most coarse microscope is the combination microscope which is meant for measuring at higher magnifications from 40X up to 100X. The other type of commonly used microscope is called a stereo or dissecting microscope. It uses two eyepieces and two paired objectives. It may use a built in light source from above, below, or none at all. Magnification is usually from 10X to 40X.

Light Source Microscope

Stereoscopic dissecting microscopes have detach optic pathways for each eyepiece. When viewing your sample you get a three -dimensional view of your specimens at relatively low magnifications. These microscopes also have a large field and a longer working distance than what you find on combination microscopes. Whereas combination microscopes are used for seeing at slides, dissecting microscopes are meant for viewing larger samples.

There are two basic types of dissecting microscopes. One style allows you to read at two fixed magnification settings, such as 10X and 20X or 10X and 40X. The other style has the potential to magnify at many settings, or "zoom" rather than to be set at two stationary magnification points. By turning a dial you can admittedly look at every magnification in the middle of two end points, usually 7X and 45X. This greatly increases your potential to view samples.

Dissecting microscopes can be purchased with out without built-in lighting. Built-in lighting involves an upper illuminator for reflected light (episcopic) and a lower illuminator for transmitted (diascopic) light. The most coarse lighting is by halogen lamps, but you will find a lower fluorescent lamp in some models. Fluorescent illumination is used for examining heat-sensitive specimens such as in embryo transplant work. Accessory light can also be added to dissecting microscopes in the form of a ring light, coaxial illuminator or fiber optic light pipes. Assorted color filters can be added for exact applications.

You can also vary the stand that your dissecting microscope body sits in, thus changing the working distance. A typical dissecting microscope has a fixed stand with a rack & pinion for lively the body up and down. This gives you a smaller working distance in which to work. You can also buy your dissecting scope on a boom stand, which greatly increases the space under the scope. This also allows you to have the microscope stand out of the way when you are working with larger items which may usually interfere with the position of the stand.

Although dissecting microscopes always have at a minimum two eyepieces, you can add a third "eyepiece" or port for a camera system. There is a wide array of camera systems available, running from digital to video. Most cameras can be attached to this trinocular port with an adapter, and then connected straight through a Usb port to the software in your computer.

Whether you are a biologist performing dissections, a technician construction or repairing circuit boards, a paleontologist cleaning and examining fossils or a hobbyist who needs to work with your hands on small objects such as rocks & bugs, you will find a dissecting microscope to be a very beneficial tool.

Dissecting Microscopes

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Gemstone Microscope and Its Usage

The function of the microscope is to strengthen objects so as to make them more for real visible to the human eye. Its use in science is unlimited, and to the gemologist the microscope is more important than any other instrument. This is because one of the biggest problems in contemporary jewelry is the detection of synthetic and imitation stones, and without a microscope the task would be roughly impossible.

The detection of imitation stones covers a vast field and the following lines serve only as an introduction. Three out of four of the most valued gem stones can be produced synthetically in the laboratory. These are the ruby, the sapphire, and the emerald. Needless to say, the inequity in value in the middle of a natural and synthetic stone is enormous, and it is therefore of many importance to the jeweler that he can be sure they can be effectively suited from each other.

Microscope

Synthetic rubies made by the flame-fusion process are in all their corporal properties roughly same with the natural stone. Chemically, both are crystalline aluminum oxide. The red color is in both cases produced by small quantities of chromic oxide, and if synthetic and natural rubies are tested for their definite gravity, refractive index, and absorption spectra, the same results occur in both cases. Yet, if they are settled under a microscope, a marked inequity in the middle of the two is found. What then are these internal telltale features that will enable us to distinguish the real from the synthetic?

Fine curved lines are immediately noticeable that are rather like the grooves of a phonograph record and run straight through the stone. There are also some black spots interspersed irregularly throughout the gem. The curved lines are known as increase lines, and they are produced while the formation of the synthetic boule and are a inescapable sign that the stone is synthetic. The black spots report tiny bubbles of gas, and these, too, were included in the boule while its formation. Gas bubbles and curved increase lines are therefore typical characteristics of synthetic corundum.

But, what does the inside of natural corundum look like under the microscope? Again, there are the curved increase lines in the synthetic stone, but, in the natural one, the increase lines are straight and set at definite angles. This latter highlight is an important characteristic of most natural mineral crystals. The microscope can provide all-important clues in the identification of rubies and sapphires.

A gem stone that may set an even bigger question is the emerald. In this case, synthetic stones are internally also remarkably similar to the natural ones. Fortunately, Chatham's synthetic emeralds do have a lower definite gravity and refractive index than the natural stones, but it is not all the time possible, if a stone is set in a piece of jewelry, to apply these tests. Here the microscope is useful again.

Natural emerald possesses cer¬tain internal features called inclusions. Some of them take the form of spiky cavities filled with tiny mineral crystals and gas bubbles. Indeed, they are so typical that they can be connected with definite mining localities and thus form an important guide to the origin of some emeralds. Chatham's synthetic emeralds also possess extra inclusions, and under the micro¬scope, these look rather like a fine pattern of lace. They for real consist of small interweaving channels filled with liquid and thus are very distinct in character from the inclusions of the natural emeralds.

A uncomplicated magnifying glass that enlarges ten times can also be a vital aid in the identification of some gem stones. Thus, a colorless zircon might well be confused with a real diamond, but if both are determined examined with a hand lens by looking straight through the top of the stone at the rear facets, all at the back of the zircon will appear double, thus revealing its strong light-splitting property.

Since a brilliant belongs to the cubic crystal system, letting light rays pass straight through without splitting them, the duplicate image will not be shown by it. This is one uncomplicated test that immediately distinguishes in the middle of these two gem stones. There is one direction along the so-called optic axis of a double-refractive stone where the light rays are not split and the doubling follow cannot be seen. It is therefore wise to tilt the gem a small when examining it with a lens to insure that the optic axis does not lie at right angles to the table facet.

Gemstone Microscope and Its Usage

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AmScope 40X-1000X All-Metal Cordless Student LED Compound Microscope with Coarse & Fine Focus

AmScope 40X-1000X All-Metal Cordless Student LED Compound Microscope with Coarse & Fine Focus Review

Prices as of : Oct 13, 2012 23:30:04
Listprice : $400.00
Offier Price : $79.98
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AmScope 40X-1000X All-Metal Cordless Student LED Compound Microscope with Coarse & Fine Focus Feature

• 360 Degree Rotatable Monocular Head
• Five Magnification Powers up to 1000X
• Co-axial Coarse and Fine Focusing
• Single Lens Condenser with Disc Diaphragm
• Metal Framework and LED Illumination

AmScope 40X-1000X All-Metal Cordless Student LED Compound Microscope with Coarse & Fine Focus Overview

This is a perfect microscope for students to learn science. It comes with full optical glass elements, metal framework, 360 degree rotatable monocular head, coarse & fine focusing, and LED illumination. It offers five magnification settings, 40X, 100X, 250X, 400X and 1000X. It is an ideal microscope for home school or for students from elementary to high school. It is also an excellent instrument for hobbyists. It is brand new in original box. Its retail value is 0.

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Dino-Lite AM2011 10x~50x, 220x 0.3MP Digital Microscope

Dino-Lite AM2011 10x~50x, 220x 0.3MP Digital Microscope Review

Prices as of : Oct 12, 2012 20:00:04
Listprice : $149.99
Offier Price : $99.00
You Save : $50.99

Dino-Lite AM2011 10x~50x, 220x 0.3MP Digital Microscope Feature

• Handheld Digital Microscope
• 0.3M / Resolution 640×480
• USB 2.0 Output
• Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS Supported
• Automatic Software Update (When Connected to Internet)

Dino-Lite AM2011 10x~50x, 220x 0.3MP Digital Microscope Overview

The AM2011 houses a 0.3 megapixel digital camera and offers 10x-200x magnification at 640x480 resolution. It contains 4 always-on LED lights and provides live imaging via USB 2.0 and the included DinoCapture software. If more illumination is required, we recommend upgrading to the AM3011 with 8 LED lights or the AM3011T with 8 LED lights and Microtouch technology which allows instant capture of photos and video by simply touching the top of the unit.

In our opinion a key feature is the excellent color resolution which is unparalleled at this price point. It is better than most, more expensive digital microscopes and is achieved by use of a sophisticated jeweler's color balance. The focus mechanism is intriguing. With the microscope placed directly on a specimen, the Dino-Lite focuses at 50x or with a spin of the convenient thumb dial, at 200x.You can vary the magnification by raising the microscope to different heights above the specimen. 

Recommended applications include: PCB inspection, coin and stamp collecting, plant dissection, education, calligraphy, all kinds of collections and – well, plain fun such as inspecting hair follicles or nostrils at home!

Dino-Lite has been selling well through specialty channels and we are delighted to introduce it to the microscopy world. It is a highly versatile digital microscope, which given its range of features and price, makes it a strong choice for both professional and personal applications.
*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Oct 12, 2012 20:00:04

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AmScope Binocular Stereo Dissecting Microscope 20x-40x-80x

AmScope Binocular Stereo Dissecting Microscope 20x-40x-80x Review

Prices as of : Oct 11, 2012 19:30:03
Listprice : $700.00
Offier Price : $138.50
You Save : $561.5

AmScope Binocular Stereo Dissecting Microscope 20x-40x-80x Feature

• Three Magnification Power Settings: 20X, 40X & 80X
• Built-In Both Incident (top) Lighting and Transmitted (bottom) Lighting
• Sharp Stereo Erect Images over a Wide Field View
• Great for Exploration of the World of Surface Details and Fine Structure
• Perfect for Examination of Insects, Plants, Rocks, Stamps, Coins, Jewel,

AmScope Binocular Stereo Dissecting Microscope 20x-40x-80x Overview

This binocular stereo microscope comes with three magnification power settings, 20X, 40X & 80X, and a versatile illumination system that provides both incident (top) lighting and transmitted (bottom) lighting. You can choose between incident illumination shining down onto the object or transmitted illumination through the frosted stage plate. The first is used for the observation of three-dimensional objects and the second for the observation of slides. This microscope offers high resolution and good depth within a broad field of view. It gives sharp clear stereo images. Its 45° inclined binocular head ensures an easy observation and rubber eyeguards provide further comfort. This microscope is useful for many applications. It can be used in geology, forestry, archaeology, agriculture, biology and is appropriate for educational purposes in hospitals and schools. It is great for the exploration of the world of surface details and fine structures of various materials like wood, metal, solder, semiconductor and stone. It is perfect for the examination of insects, plants, rocks, stamps, coins, jewel, soldered points, microelectronic components or virtually any three dimensional objects. This scope is an ideal tool for watchmaker, jeweler, engraver, dies-maker, philatelist, coin collector, students, and etc. It comes with first-class quality and affordable price. It is brand new in factory-sealed box. The retail value of this microscope is 0.

*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Oct 11, 2012 19:30:03

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10x - 30x Binocular Stereo Microscope with Dual Lights

10x - 30x Binocular Stereo Microscope with Dual Lights Review

Prices as of : Oct 10, 2012 14:45:03
Listprice : $219.99
Offier Price : $199.99
You Save : $20

10x - 30x Binocular Stereo Microscope with Dual Lights Feature

• 10x & 30x 3D Stereo Magnification with Wide Field 10x Eyepiece Set
• Built-in Upper & Lower Halogen Lighting 
• 45 Degree Inclined Binocular Head -- Interpupilary distance adjustable between 55-75mm
• 76mm Working Distance From Lens To Object
• Frosted Glass Specimen Holder & Reversible Black/White Specimen Holder Included 

10x - 30x Binocular Stereo Microscope with Dual Lights Overview

This is a brand new, factory sealed, Variscope Series 833 microscope. The Variscope microscope family of optical instruments is made by one of the largest "private label" optical fabricators in the world. This microscope is designed for high quality viewing of a wide range of specimens. This microscope is manufactured with an internally rotating dual 1x - 3x stereo objective made from premium ground optical glass. Used in conjunction with the included wide field 10x stereo eyepieces, you can achieve magnifications of 10x and 30x right out of the box. The microscope head sits at a comfortable 45 degree incline. The eyepieces sit in a gemel type assembly, allowing for maximum flexibility in adjusting the interpupillary distance. The left eyepiece holder includes an independently controlled diopter focusing adjustment, and molded rubber eyecups are provided for your comfort. The focusing knob is on both the right and left side of the scope allowing for easy adjustment with either the right or left hand. This microscope comes with a built-in upper and lower light source. You can toggle either the upper or lower light to illuminate both transparent and opaque specimens. Spare halogen bulbs are included with your microscope. The working distance between the objective turret and the object is 76mm. This microscope includes a plastic dust cover to keep your microscope in clean dust-free condition. The microscope comes with a frosted glass specimen holder and also a reversible black & white specimen plate.

*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Oct 10, 2012 14:45:03

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What Are the Types of Microscopes?

An electron microscope can offer a someone many separate types of advantages over other microscopes. If someone has never used one of the many types of electron microscopes, then they are seriously missing out.

This type of microscope offers more clarity and a best magnification than most any other type of microscope on the market. In order to choose the best type of the many electron microscopes, a someone must understand the discrete types that are available for them to enjoy.

Microscope

Three types of them exist. They are the transmission electron microscope, the scanning electron microscope, and the scanning-tunneling electron microscope. The primary of all of these types of devices is the transmission electron.

The Tem, as it is ordinarily called, transmits electrons straight through a small slice of a specimen in order for the image to be seen. These types of devices are great for finding inside the cells of beings on the planet. Much has been learned by using these microscopes for finding all types of discrete cells.

Other types of the electron expedient are the scanning tunneling microscope and the scanning one. Both types of devices allow for a more in depth look than most other type of microscopes. The scanning microscope can indubitably allow scientists to view items in 3-D because of the excited atoms that are on a specimen.

The tunneling microscope indubitably creates a tunneling current between the electrons on a specimen and the microscopes tip to make the image. These are both very high tech microscopes that can be used to see farther into a specimen than previously notion possible.

An electron one can give a much more in depth view. Population once only had an idea of what cells and other invisible items looked like. Thanks to the invention of the electron microscopes and the discrete types that are available, a someone can see these items in a three dimensional view that can make learning these items better. Microscopes are the wave of the time to come in today's current high tech world.

What Are the Types of Microscopes?

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Light Microscopes And Their Parts

The term "light microscope" is a normal term that needs a bit of clarification. Just about all microscopes use a light source to illuminate the sample or specimen. This is why they are called light microscopes.

There are some types of light microscopes together with straightforward (single lens) optical microscopes, aggregate (several lenses) microscopes, stereomicroscopes and digital microscopes. Light microscopes have varying levels of magnification available. With the irregularity of the stereomicroscope, these usually have a magnification range somewhere in the middle of 20X and 1500X. The stereomicroscopes have a lower magnification range of in the middle of 20X and 200X due to the fact that they are used primarily to study the surfaces of larger specimens.

Light Source Microscope

In a nutshell, here is a list of the parts of a light microscope.

1. The base is just that: a base that the microscope stands on and allows it to be free standing.

2. The stage is where the sample or specimen slide is placed. There are two metal clips that hold the slide in place.

3. On the stage is a small opening in the center called an aperture. The sample is situated over the cleft for viewing and is held by the clip son the stage.

4. Below the stage is the light source. This is naturally a small light bulb that shines upwards straight through the aperture, thus illuminating the sample. Some microscopes have a diaphragm in the stage that controls how much light is passed straight through the aperture. Note: Stereomicroscopes use two light sources to produce a 3D image to the viewer. The light source can be situated above the stage as in the case of digital microscopes. These microscopes are called inverted microscopes.

5. Directly above the stage is the nosepiece that contains the lenses used to magnify the sample. The nosepiece holds the lenses. The nosepiece rotates so the viewer can select the one they want to use.

6. The lenses, also called objectives, are held by the nosepiece and have separate magnification powers, usually from 2X to 15X or 20X.

7. The arm seems to associate the base to the upper parts of the microscope. It is used to carry the microscope.

8. The tasteless adjustment knob is located on the side of the microscope. It is used to focus the sample. This knob can move either the stage or the upper parts of the scope.

9. The fine adjustment knob is also located on the side of the scope. This is used to fine-tune the focus after the tasteless adjustment has brought the sample into view.

10. The body or tube holds the eyepiece(s) and connects it to the nosepiece lenses.

11. The eyepiece is what you look into. The eyepiece has a magnifying power of roughly 10X.

So now you know all the parts of the microscope, you can intelligently tell your friends all about it. Knowing what the microscope's parts are helps the user to be more comfortable their first time out. It also helps if you need to order change parts later on.

Light Microscopes And Their Parts

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20x + High WorkDist Binocular Microscope w Light

20x + High WorkDist Binocular Microscope w Light Review

Prices as of : Oct 06, 2012 03:00:04
Listprice : $305.23
Offier Price : $277.48
You Save : $27.75

20x + High WorkDist Binocular Microscope w Light Feature

• 5x ,10x, 20x 3D Stereo Magnification 
• Ultra-High Working Distance: 250mm at 5x, 10x. 230mm at 20x
• Wide Field of View: 40mm at 5x, 10x, 20mm at 20x
• 45 Degree Inclined Binocular Head -- Interpupilary distance adjustable between 55-75mm
• Large Range Boom Style Mount

20x + High WorkDist Binocular Microscope w Light Overview

This is a brand new, factory sealed, Variscope Series 833 microscope. The Variscope microscope family of optical instruments is made by one of the largest "private label" optical fabricators in the world. Most stereo microscopes require the microscope objective (head) to be positioned around 75mm-110mm (2.9 -- 4.3 inches) from the specimen. This can make it difficult to observe very large or particularly odd shaped objects. This microscope is an ultra-high working distance microscope that uses to slide-in objective lenses to provide 230mm -- 250mm of working distance. That means you can observe specimens from nearly 10 inches away, which is ideal for irregular objects. Included with this microscope are two slide-in objective lenses, 0.5x and 1.0x made from ground optical glass. Used in conjunction with the included wide field 10x and 20x stereo eyepieces, you can achieve magnifications of 5x, 10x and 20x right out of the box. The main microscope head sits at a comfortable 45 degree incline. The eyepieces sit in a gemel type assembly, allowing for maximum flexibility in adjusting the interpupillary distance. The left eyepiece holder includes an independently controlled diopter focusing adjustment, and molded rubber eyecups are provided for your comfort. The focusing knob is on both the right and left side of the scope allowing for easy adjustment with either the right or left hand. In addition, the microscope has a flex-hinge at the mid point of the boom arm, allowing it to be tilted at any angle. This microscope comes with a built-in 10w incandescent light that can be independently aimed. This microscope includes a full-sized plastic dust cover to keep your microscope in clean dust-free condition.

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Black USB Digital Microscope 2 Mega Pixel Video Camera Microscope 20-200X

Black USB Digital Microscope 2 Mega Pixel Video Camera Microscope 20-200X Review

Prices as of : Oct 02, 2012 20:00:06
Listprice :
Offier Price :
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Black USB Digital Microscope 2 Mega Pixel Video Camera Microscope 20-200X Feature

• Use in Inspection dissection/examination, Plant dissection/examination, Skin examination, Scal examination, Textile Inspection, Jewelry Inspection, Collections/Coin Inspection, Printing Inspection, PCB or PCBA Inspection and so on.
• Image sensor: 2 Mega Pixels. Video Capture Resolution: 160x120,320x240,640x480,1280x1024. Still Image Capture Resolution: 160x120, 320x240,640x480,1280x1024.
• Exposure: Auto. Photo format: JPEG. Light source: 8 LED. PC interface: Mini USB1.1&2.0.
• Power source: 5V DC from USB port. Gray scale: Level 8. Sleep current:£¼1 mA. Work current:£¼180 mA. Magnification Ratio: 20x to 200x.
• Operation system: Windows XP, Vista, Win7, Mac OS X 10.5 or above. Color£ºBalck.

Black USB Digital Microscope 2 Mega Pixel Video Camera Microscope 20-200X Overview

Description:
USB Digital Microscope is a good quality to use in Inspection dissection/examination, Plant dissection/examination, Skin examination, Scal examination, Textile Inspection, Jewelry Inspection, Collections/Coin Inspection, Printing Inspection, PCB or PCBA Inspection and so on.
The microscope is made up of high-quality IC and electronic components,with clear image quality, low power consumption, high-resolution, applies to small objects to be larger£¬photo and video production, is the best choice of small objects recognization.

Product Features:
1. Image sensor: 2 Mega Pixels.
2. Video Capture Resolution: 160x120, 320x240,640x480,1280x1024.
3. Still Image Capture Resolution: 160x120, 320x240,640x480,1280x1024.
4. Exposure: Auto.
5. Photo format: JPEG.
6. Light source: 8 LED.
7. PC interface: Mini USB1.1&2.0.
8. Power source: 5V DC from USB port.
9. Gray scale: Level 8.
10. Sleep current:£¼1 mA.
11. Work current:£¼180 mA.
12. Save temperature: -20¡ãC to +60¡ãC.
13. Work temperature: 10¡ãC to +40¡ãC.
14. Magnification Ratio: 20x to 200x.
15. Operation system: Windows XP/Vista/ Win7/Mac OS X 10.5 or above.
16. Color: Balck.

Package Included:
1 x USB Microscope
1 x Stand
1 x CD Driver


*** Product Information and Prices Stored: Oct 02, 2012 20:00:06

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History of Microscopes

Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen are held to be the inventors of the microscope, according to the recorded letters of the Dutch envoy, William Boreel. The invention was colse to the year 1595. Galileo Galilei industrialized a aggregate microscope using a convex and a concave lens in the year 1609. The formulation of Christian Huygens in the 17th century, the straightforward 2-lens ocular law with achromatic improvement is favorite even today. Anton van Leeuwenhoek popularized the functionality of the instrument among the biologists and the credibility, the "Father of Microscopy" is ordinarily awarded to him. Leeuwenhoek made his famous particular lens microscope in the year 1673.

During the beginning years of invention, the microscope was a toy in the rich houses. The first significant discovery using microscopes was about the circulating blood law of the human body. It then led to many significant discoveries for mankind. The steps such as the improvement of spherical aberration, use of achromatic lenses etc were appreciated while the 1820's. August Kohler introduced the microscope lamp with filters in 1880. He also finalized the condenser position to contribute the best image projection. The law of the microscope was published by Ernst Abbe in 1873. In the same year, Ernst Leitz introduced the microscope with a revolving mount for 5 objectives. The oil immersion lens was used from the year 1878, and the apochromatic objective was introduced into microscopy by Ernst Abbe in1886.

Microscope

The first industrial Uv microscope was presented by Zeiss in 1904. In 1930, Fritz Zernike invented the phase dissimilarity microscope, which helps to study transparent living things. The revolutionary Tem electron microscope of Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll was introduced in 1931 and the scanning electron microscope was evolved later in 1937. Yet another milestone in the history of microscopes is the scanning tunneling microscope invented in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, which help to visualize the atomic level 3D buildings of objects. The scanning laser confocal microscope was commercially ready from 1983.

History of Microscopes

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